Bank Liability and Customer Protection in Digital Transactions: A Comparative Study of Indonesian and French Private Law
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70565/prudentia.v1i1.85Keywords:
Bank Liability, Customer Protection, Digital Transactions, Private Law, Risk AllocationAbstract
The rapid expansion of digital banking and electronic payment services has transformed the contractual relationship between banks and customers while simultaneously increasing exposure to unauthorized transactions, digital fraud, and other technology-related financial losses. These developments raise fundamental questions concerning the allocation of liability between banks and customers, particularly where conventional principles of contractual fault provide insufficient guidance for determining responsibility. This article aims to compare the legal frameworks governing bank liability and customer protection in digital transactions under Indonesian and French private law and to identify principles that may strengthen the Indonesian framework. The research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, based on legislation, judicial decisions, regulatory instruments, and relevant legal scholarship from both jurisdictions. The findings demonstrate that both systems recognize bank obligations to ensure transaction security and protect customers, but differ in the construction of liability, allocation of risk, burden of proof, and legal consequences of unauthorized transactions. French law provides a more structured framework for allocating losses between payment service providers and customers. The article proposes a clearer risk-allocation model for Indonesian banking law based on control over transaction risks, compliance obligations, and proportional customer responsibility.
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